Mismatch of the libstdc++ library / _ZSt28__throw_bad_array_new_lengthv error

Say you install a new compiler or a new MinGW C++ toolchain and you hit the _ZSt28__throw_bad_array_new_lengthv error at compile time. You can verify your compiler with a simple example:

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

using namespace std;
int main(void)
{
    vector <int> a = {2, 0, 1}; // problem line
    cout << "hello world";
    return 0;
}

If you still get the error on such a simple example, you have a system-wide libstdc++ mismatch: your system picks the library up from some other location in %PATH%, not from the compiler directory. Edit your PATH variable and move the compiler directory (for example c:\mingw64\bin) ABOVE the problematic one — in other words, the compiler directory must have higher priority. A very common offender is Git — C:\Git\mingw64\bin; move it to the end of %PATH%.

The error should go away.